Our lab uses a number of strategies to carry out our work. At the University of Michigan, we have access to a unique tissue bank of VT biopsy samples, and we evaluate these for certain molecules that are present in a chronically thrombosed human vein to better understand how our animal models correlate to what we see clinically in humans. 

With colleagues in the Jobst Vascular Research Laboratories, we conduct genomic analyses in animal models — in both stenosis and total occlusion models of VT — and in human tissue to identify the genes expressed soon after thrombosis that impact resolution and scarring. In all of our studies using preclinical models of VT, we aim to replicate the human clinical situation as closely as possible. 

Using genetic and immunologic assays, we're able to delve deeply, investigating molecular signaling among immune cells, including neutrophils, lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages. These studies help us understand which cell types are present in the environment around VT and how the vein wall interacts with and responds to each.

Work of our colleagues in the Jobst Vascular Research Laboratories has confirmed that thrombogenesis is an inflammatory process, mediated by leukocytes. Our early work looked at the cytokines involved early on in this process, signaling leukocytes to the site of a clot. In particular, we described the role of three of these signaling molecules in a mouse model, CXCR2, CCR2 and, more recently, CCR7. 

We have looked at the role of other immune cells, including neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages, and found that, like many processes in biology, these cells serve dual purposes and — importantly — are time-dependent. For example, depleting monocytes/macrophages in a mouse model led to larger clots at a midterm point in time but, at later points, to less vein wall injury. We have shown the prohealing monocyte/macrophage is important for both vein wall healing as well as thrombus resolution.

Related work in a rat model found that depleting neutrophils led to larger clots, and more fibrosis, furthering our understanding of the role these cells play in early DVT resolution.

Since hospitalized and recently released patients have a significantly heightened risk of DVT, even with preventive anticoagulation therapy, we work with our Jobst Laboratory colleagues to identify the mechanisms of thrombogenesis in a mouse model of sepsis, or systemic infection. Studies in our animal models has found that clots are larger in the setting of sepsis, likely due to two processes: the release of ICAM-1 (intercellular adhesion molecule 1) and release of TLR 4 (toll-like receptor 4).

In related work in our models, we found that remote infection, such as pneumonia, led to larger clots and increased expression of certain cell adhesion molecules, including ICAM-1. If we could selectively inhibit these molecules in our patients with similar infections, we might be able to prevent them from developing DVT.

We have elucidated the role of other mediators of the fibrotic process that occurs following VT including:

• PAI-1 (plasmin activator inhibitor 1): Inhibiting PAI-1 leads to smaller clots but greater fibrosis in the vein wall.
• Metalloroteinase-2 and 9 (MMP): Our work identified the time-dependent nature of MMPs with respect to vessel wall scarring and their beneficial role in VT resolution. Inhibiting MMPs after a clot begins to break down might lessen post-thrombotic injury without impeding resolution of the clot itself.
• TLR4 and TLR9: These cellular innate immune receptors may be involved with sepsis driven VT, as well as important in clearance of thrombus breakdown products. For example, TLR9 agonists drive thrombus resolution.
• Interleukin 6 (IL-6): We and others have identified IL-6 signaling as important to inflammation of the vein wall and scarring. Models with depleted IL-6 cytokines showed less inflammation and fibrosis, suggesting a potential new therapeutic target for PTS.

Over the years, we've gained a number of insights into the physiologic mechanisms of the fibrotic process that occurs in the vein wall in the context of VT. We've identified several pathways and factors that mediate the process. Overall, the findings point us toward new therapeutic targets. 

For example, we have elucidated the role of IL-6. IL-6 inhibitors are already in use in other disease states, potentially shortening the timeline to clinical translation to prevent vein wall damage in VT. 

Discovery of the time-dependent nature of many of the factors and processes involved in VT resolution as well as vein wall scarring will be important to guiding treatment. For example, matrix metalloproteinases are important in the early stages of clot resolution but at later points in time, they also play a role in fibrosis, suggesting that inhibiting agents might act optimally if delivered after the clot begins to break down.

We are actively pursuing work on the role of monocytes/macrophages on vein wall injury to better understand their full impact on overall thrombus resolution.

We also continue to mentor undergraduate and graduate students, medical students, residents, postdoctoral fellows and junior faculty to ensure continued discovery by talented vascular surgeon-scientists.

Collaboration has been integral to our work over the years:

• Early work on CXCR2 and CCR2 signaling was conducted in collaboration with Steven Kunkel, the Peter A. Ward Distinguished University Professor of Pathology. 
• Within the Jobst Laboratory, we work closely with Dr. Tom Wakefield on thrombotic inflammation and Dr. Dan Myers on large animal models of VT. Much of our work on IL-6 signaling was carried out in collaboration with Dr. José Diaz, now in the Vanderbilt University Section of Surgical Sciences. 
• We work with Dr. Katherine Gallagher, an expert on diabetic wound healing, on the role of monocytes/macrophages in VT. 
• Externally, we collaborate with Dr. Farouc Jaffer, director of Coronary Intervention at Massachusetts General Hospital, on in vivo imaging and thrombus resolution.
• We are currently working with Dr. Andrea Obi, as she investigates the early viral mediated thrombotic mechanisms, as well as using large animal model to test therapies and interventional devices for DVT.