Publications | DBI Lab

close-up of researcher writing in a notebook

Advancing Knowledge

The Direct Brain Interface Lab’s publications highlight breakthroughs that advance communication, autonomy and quality of life for people with severe physical impairments. Our research spans statistical modeling, real-world BCI testing and collaborative clinical innovation. Explore how these findings are shaping the next generation of accessible neurotechnology.

Featured Publications

A Flash Group Creation Algorithm for P300 Brain–Computer Interface Integration with Irregular Assistive Technology Keyboard Layouts
Huggins JE, Biswas P, Huggins JK, Chandel R. Sensors. 2026; 26(7):2123.
https://doi.org
Individualized electrode subset improves the calibration accuracy of an EEG P300-design brain-computer interface for people with severe cerebral palsy
Tou SLJ, Warschausky SA, Karlsson P and Huggins JE. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 20:1720969.doi:10.3389/fnhum.2026.1720969
Huggins and Tou Huggins and Tou
Bayesian inference on brain–computer interfaces via GLASS
Zhao B, Huggins JE, Kang J. Journal of the American Statistical Association.
https://doi.org
Huggins and Zhao Huggins and Zhao
BCI-utility metric for asynchronous P300 brain–computer interface systems
Ma G, Kang J, Thompson DE, Huggins JE. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering. 2023;31:3968–3977
https://doi.org
Jane Huggins Jane Huggins
Challenges of brain–computer interface facilitated cognitive assessment for children with cerebral palsy
Huggins JE, Karlsson P, Warschausky SA. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 2022;16:977042
https://doi.org
Preliminary psychometric properties of a standard vocabulary test administered using a non-invasive brain–computer interface
Warschausky S, Huggins JE, Alcaide-Aguirre RE, Aref AW. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 2022;16:930433
https://doi.org
Jane Huggins Jane Huggins
Adaptive sequence-based stimulus selection in an ERP-based brain–computer interface by Thompson sampling in a multi-armed bandit problem
Ma T, Huggins JE, Kang J. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine. 2021:3648–3655
https://doi.org
Jane Huggins Jane Huggins
Workshops of the seventh international brain–computer interface meeting: Not getting lost in translation.
Huggins JE, Guger C, Aarnoutse E, et al. Brain–Computer Interfaces, 6(3):71–101.
doi: 10.1080/2326263X.2019.1697163
Jane Huggins 2017 Jane Huggins 2017
Asynchronous brain–computer interface for cognitive assessment in people with cerebral palsy
Alcaide-Aguirre RE, Warschausky SA, Brown D, Aref AW, Huggins JE. J Neural Eng. 2017;14(6):066001
https://doi.org
Jane Huggins 2017 Jane Huggins 2017
Effects of text generation on P300 brain–computer interface performance
Huggins JE, Alcaide-Aguirre RE, Hill K. Brain Comput Interfaces. 2016;3(2):112–120
https://www.tandfonline.com
Jane Huggins 2017 Jane Huggins 2017
What would brain–computer interface users want: Opinions and priorities of potential users with spinal cord injury
Huggins JE, Moinuddin AA, Chiodo AE, Wren PA. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2015;96(3 Suppl):S38–S45.e5.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Jane Huggins 2017 Jane Huggins 2017
Novel hold-release functionality in a P300 brain–computer interface
Alcaide-Aguirre RE, Huggins JE. J Neural Eng. 2014;11(6):066010
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Electrode subset selection methods for an EEG-based P300 brain–computer interface
McCann M, Thompson DE, Syed Z, Huggins JE. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol. Open Access
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Jane Huggins 2012 Jane Huggins 2012
Performance assessment in brain–computer interface–based augmentative and alternative communication
Thompson DE, Blain-Moraes S, Huggins JE. Biomed Eng Online. 2013;12:43
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Altered cortical communication in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Blain-Moraes S, Mashour GA, Lee H, Huggins JE, Lee U. Neurosci Lett. 2013;543:172–176
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
A plug-and-play brain–computer interface to operate commercial assistive technology
Thompson DE, Gruis KL, Huggins JE. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Jane Huggins 2012 Jane Huggins 2012
Classifier-based latency estimation: A novel way to estimate and predict BCI accuracy
Thompson DE, Warschausky S, Huggins JE. J Neural Eng. 2012;10(1):016006
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Barriers to and mediators of brain–computer interface user acceptance: Focus group findings
Blain-Moraes S, Shaff R, Gruis KL, Huggins JE, Wren PA. Ergonomics. 2012;55(5):516–525
https://www.tandfonline.com
Jane Huggins 2012 Jane Huggins 2012
What would brain–computer interface users want? Opinions and priorities of potential users with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Huggins JE, Wren PA, Gruis KL. Amyotroph Lateral Scler. 2011;12(5):318–324
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Jane Huggins 2012 Jane Huggins 2012
Detection of event-related potentials for development of a direct brain interface
Huggins JE, Levine SP, BeMent SL, Kushwaha RK, Schuh LA, Passaro EA, Rohde MM, Ross DA, Elisevich KV, Smith BJ. J Clin Neurophysiol. 1999;16(5):448–455
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Identification of electrocorticogram patterns as the basis for a direct brain interface
Levine SP, Huggins JE, BeMent SL, Kushwaha RK, Schuh LA, Passaro EA, Rohde MM, Ross DA. J Clin Neurophysiol. 1999;16(5):439–447
Jane Huggins 2008 Jane Huggins 2008
  • Huggins JE, Biswas P, Huggins JK, Chandel R. A Flash Group Creation Algorithm for P300 Brain–Computer Interface Integration with Irregular Assistive Technology Keyboard Layouts. Sensors. 2026; 26(7):2123. https://doi.org/10.3390/s26072123
  • Tou SLJ, Warschausky SA, Karlsson P and Huggins JE. (2026) Individualized electrode subset improves the calibration accuracy of an EEGP300-design brain-computer interface for people with severe cerebral palsy. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 20:1720969.doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2026.1720969
     
  • Zhao B, Wang Y, Huggins JE, Kang J. A Bayesian reinforcement learning framework for optimizing the BCI-utility of P300 brain-computer interfaces. Annals of Applied Statistics. 2026. DOI: 10.1214/25-AOAS2080 Abstract
  • Zhao B, Huggins JE, Kang J. Bayesian inference on brain–computer interfaces via GLASS. Journal of the American Statistical Association. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.2025.2498088
  • Khan NN, Sweet T, Harvey CA, Warschausky S, Huggins JE, Thompson DE. P300-based brain–computer interface speller performance estimation with classifier-based latency estimation. Journal of Visualized Experiments. 2023;(199):e64959. https://doi.org/10.3791/64959 

  • Ma G, Kang J, Thompson DE, Huggins JE. BCI-utility metric for asynchronous P300 brain–computer interface systems. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering. 2023;31:3968–3977. https://doi.org/10.1109/TNSRE.2023.3322125

  • Huggins JE, Karlsson P, Warschausky SA. Challenges of brain–computer interface facilitated cognitive assessment for children with cerebral palsy. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 2022;16:977042. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2022.977042 

  • Warschausky S, Huggins JE, Alcaide-Aguirre RE, Aref AW. Preliminary psychometric properties of a standard vocabulary test administered using a non-invasive brain–computer interface. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 2022;16:930433. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2022.930433 Open Access

  • Ma T, Li Y, Huggins JE, Zhu J, Kang J. Bayesian inferences on neural activity in EEG-based brain–computer interface. Journal of the American Statistical Association. 2022;117(539):1122–1133. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.2022.2041422 

  • Huggins JE, Krusienski D, Vansteensel MJ, et al. Workshops of the eighth international brain–computer interface meeting: BCIs—The next frontier. Brain–Computer Interfaces. 2022;9(2):69–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/2326263X.2021.2009654 

  • Ma T, Huggins JE, Kang J. Adaptive sequence-based stimulus selection in an ERP-based brain–computer interface by Thompson sampling in a multi-armed bandit problem. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine. 2021:3648–3655. https://doi.org/10.1109/bibm52615.2021.9669724 

  • Hill K, Huggins JE, Woodworth C. Interprofessional practitioners’ opinions on features and services for an augmentative and alternative communication brain–computer interface device. PM&R. 2021;13(10):1111–1121. https://doi.org/10.1002/pmrj.12525 

  • Goering S, Klein E, Specker Sullivan L, et al. Recommendations for responsible development and application of neurotechnologies. Neuroethics. 2021;14(3):365–386. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-021-09468-6 

  • Dutt-Mazumder A, Huggins JE. Performance comparison of a non-invasive P300-based BCI mouse to a head-mouse for people with spinal cord injury. Brain–Computer Interfaces. 2020;7(1–2):1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/2326263X.2020.1716532 

  • Thompson DE, Mowla MR, Dhuyvetter KJ, Tillman JW, Huggins JE. Automated artifact rejection algorithms harm P3 speller brain–computer interface performance. Brain–Computer Interfaces. 2019;6(4):141–148. https://doi.org/10.1080/2326263X.2020.1734401 

  • Huggins JE, Guger C, Aarnoutse E, et al. Workshops of the seventh international brain–computer interface meeting: Not getting lost in translation. Brain–Computer Interfaces. 2019;6(3):71–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/2326263X.2019.1697163
  • Huggins JE, Slutzky MW. Editorial: Articles from the seventh international brain–computer interface meeting. Brain Comput Interfaces. 2019;6(4):103–105. Article

  • Eddy BS, Garrett SC, Rajen S, et al. Trends in research participant categories and descriptions in abstracts from the international BCI meeting series, 1999–2016. Brain Comput Interfaces. 2019;6(1–2):13–24. Abstract

  • Pham M, Goering S, Sample M, Huggins JE, Klein E. Asilomar survey: Researcher perspectives on ethical principles and guidelines for BCI research. Brain Comput Interfaces. 2018;5(4):97–111. https://doi.org/10.1080/2326263X.2018.1530010 Abstract

  • Huggins JE, Kovacs TR. Brain–computer interfaces for augmentative and alternative communication: Separating the reality from the hype. ASHA Perspect AAC. 2018;3:13–23. Abstract

  • Alcaide-Aguirre RE, Warschausky SA, Brown D, Aref AW, Huggins JE. Asynchronous brain–computer interface for cognitive assessment in people with cerebral palsy. J Neural Eng. 2017;14(6):066001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2552/aa7fc4 

  • Yuste R, Goering S, Agüera y Arcas B, et al. Four ethical priorities for neurotechnologies and AI. Nature. 2017;551(7679):159–163. Open Access
  • Huggins JE, Müller-Putz G, Wolpaw JR. The sixth international brain–computer interface meeting: Advances in basic and clinical research. Brain Comput Interfaces. 2017;4(1–2):1–2. Article
  • Mowla MR, Huggins JE, Thompson DE. Enhancing P300-BCI performance using latency estimation. Brain Comput Interfaces. 2017;4(3):137–145. Limited Open Access

  • Huggins JE, Guger C, Ziat M, Zander TO, Taylor D, Tangermann M, et al. Workshops of the sixth international brain–computer interface meeting: brain–computer interfaces past, present, and future. Brain Comput Interfaces. 2017;4(1–2):3–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/2326263X.2016.1275488 Open Access

  • Huggins JE, Alcaide-Aguirre RE, Hill K. Effects of text generation on P300 brain–computer interface performance. Brain Comput Interfaces. 2016;3(2):112–120. Abstract
  • Huggins JE, Moinuddin AA, Chiodo AE, Wren PA. What would brain–computer interface users want: Opinions and priorities of potential users with spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2015;96(3 Suppl):S38–S45.e5. PM25721546
  • Daly JJ, Huggins JE. Brain–computer interface: Current and emerging rehabilitation applications. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2015;96(3 Suppl):S1–S7. Article
  • Peters B, Bieker G, Heckman SM, et al. Brain–computer interface users speak up: The virtual users’ forum at the 2013 international brain–computer interface meeting. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2015;96(3 Suppl):S33–S37. PMC4383178

  • Huggins JE, Alcaide-Aguirre RE, Aref AW, Brown D, Warschausky SA. Brain–computer interface administration of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-IV. In: Proc 7th IEEE EMBS Conf Neural Eng; 2015 Apr 22–24; Montpellier, France. p. 29–32. Abstract

  • Alcaide-Aguirre RE, Huggins JE. Novel hold-release functionality in a P300 brain–computer interface. J Neural Eng. 2014;11(6):066010. PM25380071 PMC4843815
  • Huggins JE, Wolpaw JR. Papers from the fifth international brain–computer interface meeting. J Neural Eng. 2014;11(3):030301. PM24837824 PMC4438077
  • Thompson DE, Quitadamo LR, Mainardi L, et al. Performance measurement for brain–computer or brain–machine interfaces: A tutorial. J Neural Eng. 2014;11(3):035001. Abstract
  • Huggins JE, Guger C, Allison B, et al. Workshops of the fifth international brain–computer interface meeting: Defining the future. Brain Comput Interfaces. 2014;1(1):27–49. Open Access.
  • McCann M, Thompson DE, Syed Z, Huggins JE. Electrode subset selection methods for an EEG-based P300 brain–computer interface. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol. 2014. Open Access
  • Thompson DE, Blain-Moraes S, Huggins JE. Performance assessment in brain–computer interface–based augmentative and alternative communication. Biomed Eng Online. 2013;12:43. PMC3662584
  • Blain-Moraes S, Mashour GA, Lee H, Huggins JE, Lee U. Altered cortical communication in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurosci Lett. 2013;543:172–176. PMC3716378
  • Thompson DE, Gruis KL, Huggins JE. A plug-and-play brain–computer interface to operate commercial assistive technology. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol. 2013. Open Access
  • Thompson DE, Warschausky S, Huggins JE. Classifier-based latency estimation: A novel way to estimate and predict BCI accuracy. J Neural Eng. 2012;10(1):016006. Open Access
  • Blain-Moraes S, Shaff R, Gruis KL, Huggins JE, Wren PA. Barriers to and mediators of brain–computer interface user acceptance: Focus group findings. Ergonomics. 2012;55(5):516–525. Abstract
  • Thompson DE, Huggins JE. A multi-purpose brain–computer interface output device. Clin EEG Neurosci. 2011;42(4):230–235. Open Access
  • Huggins JE, Wren PA, Gruis KL. What would brain–computer interface users want? Opinions and priorities of potential users with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Amyotroph Lateral Scler. 2011;12(5):318–324. Open Access
  • Gruis KL, Wren PA, Huggins JE. ALS patients’ self-reported satisfaction with assistive technology. Muscle Nerve. 2011;43(5):643–647. PMC3114042
  • Thompson DE, Baker JJ, Sarnacki WA, Huggins JE. Plug-and-play brain–computer interface keyboard performance. Proc IEEE EMBS Conf Neural Eng. 2009;4:433–435. Abstract
  • Fatourechi M, Ward RK, Mason SG, Huggins JE, Schlögl A, Birch GE. Comparison of evaluation metrics in classification applications with imbalanced datasets. Proc IEEE Int Conf Mach Learn Appl. 2008:777–782. Abstract
  • Brunner C, Graimann B, Huggins JE, Levine SP, Pfurtscheller G. Phase relationships between different subdural electrode recordings in man. Neurosci Lett. 2005;375(2):69–74. Abstract
  • Fessler JA, Chun SY, Huggins JE, Levine SP. Detection of event-related spectral changes in electrocorticograms. Proc IEEE EMBS Conf Neural Eng. 2005:269–272. Abstract

  • Huggins JE, Welsh RC, Swaminathan V, Minecan DN, Graimann B, Jin Y, Levine SP. fMRI for the prediction of direct brain interface recording location. In: Proc 2nd Int Brain–Computer Interface Workshop and Training Course. Biomedizinische Technik Suppl. 2004;49(Suppl 1):5–10.

  • Pfurtscheller G, Graimann B, Huggins JE, Levine SP. Brain–computer communication based on the dynamics of brain oscillations. Suppl Clin Neurophysiol. 2004;57:583–591. PM16106660

  • Graimann B, Huggins JE, Levine SP, Pfurtscheller G. Towards a direct brain interface based on human subdural recordings and wavelet packet analysis. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2004;51(6):954–962. Abstract

  • Pfurtscheller G, Graimann B, Huggins JE, Levine SP, Schuh LA. Spatiotemporal patterns of beta desynchronization and gamma synchronization in corticographic data during self-paced movement. Clin Neurophysiol. 2003;114(7):1226–1236. Abstract

  • Graimann B, Huggins JE, Levine SP, Pfurtscheller G. Detection of ERP and ERD/ERS patterns in single ECoG channels. In: Proc 1st IEEE EMBS Conf Neural Eng; 2003 Mar 20–22. p. 614–617.

  • Huggins JE, Levine SP, Fessler JA, Sowers WM, Pfurtscheller G, Graimann B, Schlögl A, Minecan DN, Kushwaha RK, BeMent SL, Sagher O, Schuh LA. Electrocorticogram as the basis for a direct brain interface: opportunities for improved detection accuracy. In: Proc 1st IEEE EMBS Conf Neural Eng; 2003 Mar 20–22. p. 587–590. Abstract

  • Graimann B, Huggins JE, Schlögl A, Levine SP, Pfurtscheller G. Detection of movement-related desynchronization patterns in ongoing single-channel electrocorticogram. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 2003;11(3):276–281. Abstract

  • Scherer R, Graimann B, Huggins JE, Levine SP, Pfurtscheller G. Frequency component selection for an ECoG-based brain–computer interface. Biomed Tech (Berl). 2003;48:31–36. Abstract

  • Rohde MM, BeMent SL, Huggins JE, Levine SP, Kushwaha RK, Schuh LA. Quality estimation of subdurally recorded event-related potentials based on signal-to-noise ratio. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2002;49(1):31–40. Abstract

  • Graimann B, Huggins JE, Levine SP, Pfurtscheller G. Visualization of significant ERD/ERS patterns in multichannel EEG and ECoG data. Clin Neurophysiol. 2002;113(1):43–47. Link to online version

  • Levine SP, Huggins JE, BeMent SL, Kushwaha RK, Schuh LA, Rohde MM, Passaro EA, Ross DA, Elisevich KV, Smith BJ. A direct brain interface based on event-related potentials. IEEE Trans Rehabil Eng. 2000;8(2):180–185. Abstract

  • Huggins JE, Levine SP, BeMent SL, Kushwaha RK, Schuh LA, Passaro EA, Rohde MM, Ross DA, Elisevich KV, Smith BJ. Detection of event-related potentials for development of a direct brain interface. J Clin Neurophysiol. 1999;16(5):448–455. Abstract

  • Levine SP, Huggins JE, BeMent SL, Kushwaha RK, Schuh LA, Passaro EA, Rohde MM, Ross DA. Identification of electrocorticogram patterns as the basis for a direct brain interface. J Clin Neurophysiol. 1999;16(5):439–447.

  • Rohde MM, Huggins JE, BeMent SL, Levine SP, Kushwaha RK, Schuh LA, Ross DA. Use of a running signal-to-noise ratio to identify voluntary event-related cortical potentials. In: Proc IEEE Conf Eng Med Biol Soc; 1997. p. 1500–1503. Abstract

  • Levine SP, Huggins JE, BeMent SL, Schuh LA, Kushwaha RK, Ross DA, Rohde MM. Intracranial detection of movement-related potentials for operation of a direct brain interface. In: Proc IEEE Conf Eng Med Biol Soc; 1996. p. 512–513. Abstract
  • Fried-Oken M, Hochberg L, Huggins J, Romski MA, Vaughan T. Challenges in creating synergy between AAC and brain–computer interfaces. In: Proc Int Soc Augmentative Alternative Communication Conf (ISAAC); 2016; Toronto, ON, Canada.
  • Alcaide-Aguirre RE, Huggins JE, Warschausky SA. Creating an integrated confirmation step in an event-related potential brain–computer interface. In: Proc 7th IEEE EMBS Conf Neural Eng; 2015; Montpellier, France. Abstract WeCT3.55.
  • Allison B, Huggins J, Pineda J. Survey results regarding BCI terminology. In: Proc 6th Int Brain–Computer Interface Conf; 2014 Sep 16–19; Graz, Austria.
  • Alcaide RE, Brown D, Ma X, Aref A, Winter B, Huggins J. Google Glass display for a brain–computer interface. In: Proc Neuroscience Conf; 2014 Nov 15–19; Washington, DC.
  • Ramsey N, Allison B, Donchin E, Sellers E, Huggins JE, Millan JR, Guger C, Gao S, Wolpaw J. The emerging brain–computer interface society. In: Proc 6th Int Brain–Computer Interface Conf; 2014 Sep 16–19; Graz, Austria.
  • Blain-Moraes S, Connolly J, Huggins J, Young C, Warschausky S. Event-related brain potentials as alternative cognitive test access for children with cerebral palsy. In: Proc Int Neuropsychol Soc Meet; 2013 Feb 6–9; Waikoloa, HI.
  • Moinuddin AA, Wren PA, Hornyak J, Chiodo AE, Huggins JE. Preliminary design and performance standards for brain–computer interfaces desired by potential users with neuromuscular disease. In: Proc 5th Int Brain–Computer Interface Meeting; 2013 Jun 3–7; Pacific Grove, CA. Article 184. doi:10.3217/978-3-85125-260-6-184.
  • Alcaide R, Huggins JE. Evaluating hold-release functionality in a P300 brain–computer interface. In: Proc 5th Int Brain–Computer Interface Meeting; 2013 Jun 3–7; Pacific Grove, CA. Article 69. doi:10.3217/978-3-85125-260-6-69.
  • Moinuddin AA, Wren PA, Chiodo AE, Huggins JE. Brain–computer interface design and performance standards desired by potential users with spinal cord injury. In: Proc Neuroscience Conf; 2012.
  • Aref AW, McCann MT, Huggins JE. The P300-certainty algorithm: improving accuracy by withholding erroneous selections. In: Proc ECNS Conf; 2012 Sep 12–16; Bristol, TN.
  • Huggins JE, Trotter RT, Hornyak JE. Plug-and-play brain–computer interface use by people with muscular dystrophy. In: Proc Int Soc Augmentative Alternative Communication Conf (ISAAC); 2012 Jul 30–Aug 2; Pittsburgh, PA.
  • Hoellerbauer J, Huggins JE. Exploring subject-independent P300 brain–computer interface configurations. In: Proc Neuroscience Conf; 2011 Nov 12–16; Washington, DC.
  • Wren PA, Blain S, Schaff R, Gruis KL, Huggins JE. Perspectives of persons with ALS on the design of brain–computer interface communication technology. In: Proc 139th APHA Annu Meet; 2011 Oct 29–Nov 2; Washington, DC.
  • Blain S, Huggins JE. Toward a practical brain–computer interface for individuals with severe motor disabilities. In: Proc Am Congr Rehabil Med Annu Conf; 2011 Oct 11–15; Atlanta, GA.
  • Huggins JE, Thompson DE, Gruis KL. Plug-and-play brain–computer interface use by people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. In: Proc RESNA Conf (FICCDAT); 2011. Paper 69677.
  • Thompson DE, McCann MT, Lee CC, Huggins JE. Impact of wheelchair tilt on P300 brain–computer interface accuracy. In: Proc Neuroscience Conf; 2010 Nov 13–17; San Diego, CA.
  • Huggins JE, Wren PA, Gruis KL. Brain–computer interface performance standards desired by potential users with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. In: Proc Neuroscience Conf; 2010 Nov 13–17; San Diego, CA.
  • Thompson DE, McCann MT, Huggins JE. Controlling wheelchair tilt with a brain–computer interface. In: Proc Int Brain–Computer Interface Meeting; 2010 May 31–Jun 4.
  • McCann MT, Thompson DE, Huggins JE. A brute force investigation of electrode subsets for a P300 brain–computer interface. In: Proc Int Brain–Computer Interface Meeting; 2010 May 31–Jun 4.
  • Huggins JE, Lee CC. Configuring assistive technology for a brain–computer interface. In: Proc TOBI Workshop: Integrating Brain–Computer Interfaces with Conventional Assistive Technology; 2010 Feb 3–4; Graz, Austria.
  • Huggins JE. No-control performance: an essential BCI metric. In: Proc TOBI Workshop: Integrating Brain–Computer Interfaces with Conventional Assistive Technology; 2010 Feb 3–4; Graz, Austria.
  • Thompson DE, Baker JJ, Sarnacki WA, Huggins JE. Plug-and-play brain–computer interface keyboard performance. In: Proc 4th IEEE EMBS Conf Neural Eng (NER ’09); 2009 Apr 29–May 2. p. 433–435.
  • Fatourechi M, Ward RK, Mason SG, Huggins J, Schlögl A, Birch GE. Comparison of evaluation metrics in classification applications with imbalanced datasets. In: Proc IEEE Int Conf Mach Learn Appl (ICMLA); 2008 Dec; San Diego, CA. p. 777–782.
  • Huggins JE, Damannagari C. Quadratic detector robustness to ECoG containing untrained events. In: Proc Neural Interfaces Conf; 2008 Jun 16–18; Cleveland, OH.
  • Huggins JE, Levine SP, Solo V, Fessler JA, Minecan DM, Chun SY, et al. University of Michigan direct brain interface: 2005 update. In: Brain–Computer Interface Technology: 3rd Int Meeting; 2005 Jun 14–19; Rensselaerville, NY.
  • Graimann B, Huggins JE, Levine SP, Pfurtscheller G. An assessment of ECoG signals for direct brain communication. In: Brain–Computer Interface Technology: 3rd Int Meeting; 2005 Jun 14–19; Rensselaerville, NY.
  • Fessler JA, Chun SY, Huggins JE, Levine SP. Detection of event-related spectral changes in electrocorticograms. In: Proc 2nd IEEE EMBS Conf Neural Eng; 2005 Mar 16–19. p. 269–272.
  • Graimann B, Huggins JE, Levine SP, Pfurtscheller G. Detection of ERP and ERD/ERS patterns in single ECoG channels. In: Proc 1st IEEE EMBS Conf Neural Eng; 2003 Mar 20–22. p. 614–617.
  • Huggins JE, Levine SP, Fessler JA, Sowers WM, Pfurtscheller G, Graimann B, Schlögl A, Minecan DN, Kushwaha RK, BeMent SL, Sagher O, Schuh LA. Electrocorticogram as the basis for a direct brain interface: opportunities for improved detection accuracy. In: Proc 1st IEEE EMBS Conf Neural Eng; 2003 Mar 20–22. p. 587–590.
  • Sowers WM, Fessler JA, Levine SP, Huggins JE. Detection of event-related signals in electrocorticogram. In: Brain–Computer Interfaces for Communication and Control: 2nd Int Meeting – Moving Beyond Demonstration. Rensselaerville Institute; 2002. p. 105.
  • Levine SP, Huggins JE, Fessler JA, Sowers WM, Kushwaha RK, BeMent SL, Minecan DN, Sagher O, Leneway KJ, Choi JJ, Grikschat SJ, Schuh LA, Smith BJ, Elisevich KV. University of Michigan direct brain interface: 2002 update. In: Brain–Computer Interfaces for Communication and Control: 2nd Int Meeting – Moving Beyond Demonstration. Rensselaerville Institute; 2002. p. 54.
  • Huggins JE, Rohde MM, Levine SP, Kushwaha RK, BeMent SL, Passaro EA, Leneway KJ. Feedback to improve detection of event-related potentials in electrocorticogram. In: Brain–Computer Interfaces for Communication and Control: 2nd Int Meeting – Moving Beyond Demonstration. Rensselaerville Institute; 2002. p. 90–91.
  • Levine SP, Huggins JE, Passaro EA, Kushwaha RK, Sagher O, Fessler JA, BeMent SL, Carneal JB, Sowers WM. An approach to a direct brain interface using intracortical recordings. In: Proc Am Paraplegic Soc 48th Annu Conf; 2002 Sep. p. 29.
  • Graimann B, Huggins JE, Levine SP, Pfurtscheller G. Detection of movement-related patterns in single ECoG channels. In: Proc Eur Med Biol Eng Conf (EMBEC 02); 2002. p. 1312–1313.
  • Parkinson MB, Huggins JE. A method for the rapid prototyping of custom contoured cushions. In: Proc Am Soc Mech Eng Biomed Eng Conf; 2001; New York, NY.
  • Balbale UH, Huggins JE, BeMent SL, Levine SP. Multi-channel analysis of human event-related cortical potentials for the development of a direct brain interface. In: Proc 1st Joint BMES/EMBS Conf; 1999. p. 447.
  • Ferrise GG, Huggins JE, Fessler JA, Levine SP. Triggerless movement-specific template development for use in detecting event-related potentials. In: World Congr Med Phys Biomed Eng; 2000; Chicago, IL. Paper TU-FXH-131.
  • Levine SP, Huggins JE, BeMent SL, Rohde MM, Passaro EA, Kushwaha RK, Schuh LA, Ross DA, Elisevich KV, Smith BJ. A direct brain interface based upon detection of event-related potentials in an electrocorticogram. In: Brain–Computer Interface Technology: Theory and Practice – 1st Int Meeting. Wadsworth Center BCI Project; 1999. p. 74–75.
  • Rohde MM, Huggins JE, Levine SP, Kushwaha RK, Passaro EA. Event-related potential acquisition, analysis, and training system. In: Proc 1st Joint BMES/EMBS Conf; 1999. p. 376.
  • Rohde MM, BeMent SL, Huggins JE, Levine SP, Kushwaha RK, Ross DA. Real-time ERP analyzer for a rehabilitative direct brain interface. In: Assoc Adv Med Instrum (AAMI) Conf Proc; 1998. p. 60.
  • Rohde MM, BeMent SL, Levine SP, Huggins JE, Kushwaha RK. Signal-to-noise ratio–based sorting of voluntary event-related potential averages for assistive technology applications. In: Proc RESNA Annu Conf; 1998. p. 381–383.
  • Huggins JE, Levine SP, Rohde MM, Kushwaha RK, BeMent SL, Schuh LA, Ross DA. Identification of event-related potentials for a direct brain interface to control assistive technology. In: Proc 28th Neural Prosthesis Workshop; 1997 Oct 15–17; NIH.
  • Huggins JE, Levine SP, Ross DA, Kushwaha RK, Schuh LA, Rohde MM, BeMent SL. Intra-operative recording of electrocorticogram for the development of a direct brain interface. In: Proc RESNA Annu Conf; 1997. p. 552–554.
  • Rohde MM, Huggins JE, BeMent SL, Levine SP, Kushwaha RK, Schuh LA, Ross DA. Use of a running signal-to-noise ratio to identify voluntary event-related cortical potentials. In: Proc IEEE Conf Eng Med Biol Soc; 1997. p. 1500–1503.
  • Levine SP, Huggins JE, BeMent SL, Schuh LA, Kushwaha RK, Ross DA, Rohde MM. Intracranial detection of movement-related potentials for operation of a direct brain interface. In: Proc IEEE Conf Eng Med Biol Soc; 1996. Paper 2.7.1–3.
  • Huggins JE, Levine SP, BeMent SL, Kushwaha RK, Schuh LA, Rohde MM. Detection of event-related potentials as the basis for a direct brain interface. In: Proc RESNA Annu Conf; 1996. p. 489–491.
  • Huggins JE, Levine SP, Kushwaha RK, BeMent SL, Schuh LA, Ross DA. Identification of cortical signal patterns related to human tongue protrusion. In: Proc RESNA Annu Conf; 1995. p. 670–672.
  • Horner JE (Huggins JE), Feyen RG, Ashlock G, Levine SP. Specialized approach to teaching voice recognition computer interfaces. In: Proc RESNA Annu Conf; 1993. p. 449–451.

  • Huggins, JE & Zeitlin, D, "Applications, in Brain-Computer Interfaces: Principles and Practice," JR Wolpaw and L Wolpaw, Eds, Oxford Press, 2011.

  • Huggins, JE, "BCIs Based on Signals from Between the Brain and Skull," Brain-Computer Interfaces: Revolutionizing Human-Computer Interaction, B. Graimann, B. Allison, G. Pfurtscheller, Eds., Springer, pp. 221-240, 2010.

  • A Schlogl, J Kronegg, JE Huggins, S Mason. "Title of contribution: Evaluation Criteria in BCI research," in Towards Brain-Computer Interfacing, edited by G Dornhege, JdR Millan, T Hinterberger, D McFarland, and KR Meuller, MIT Press, pp. 327-342, 2007.

  • JE Huggins, B Graimann, SY Chun, JA Fessler, SP Levine. "Electrocorticogram as a Brain Computer Interface Signal Source," in Towards Brain-Computer Interfacing, edited by G Dornhege, JdR Millan, T Hinterberger, D McFarland, and KR Meuller, MIT Press, pp. 129-145, 2007.

  • Evaluating a Novel Brain-Computer Interface and EEG Biomarkers for Cognitive Assessment in Children with Cerebral Palsy, Ramses Alcaide, 2016.

  • Unlocking Possibilities While Preserving Performance: Putting the "Interface" Back in Brain-Computer Interface, David Edward Thompson, 2012.

  • Voluntary Control of Cortical Event Related Potentials, Mitchell Max Rohde, 2000.

  • Event-Related Potentials From the Human Cortex as the Basis of a Direct Brain Interface for the Operation of Assistive Technology, Jane Elizabeth Huggins, 1997.
  • Huggins, JE, Edlinger G, Report from the 5th International Brain-Computer Interface Meeting - Varieties of Brain-computer Interfaces, Bellevue, WA, June 20-24, 2013.
  • Huggins JE: At the Limits of the Possible: Thoughts on Priorities from Brain-Computer Interface Research, Learning FROM Disability Workshop, Wright State University, May 31-Jun 1, 2012.
  • Hill K; Huggins J: Brain-Computer Interfaces, Ready or Not, RESNA 2011, Toronto, June 6, 2011.
  • J.E. Huggins, "Brain-computer interface research at the University of Michigan." BCI Meeting 2010, May 31- June 4, 2010.
  • J.E. Huggins, "Configuring Assistive Technology for a Brain-Computer Interface." Tools for Brain-Computer Interaction, February 3, 2010.
  • Huggins JE, Vaughan T, Moore MM, Hochberg LR: Brain Computer Interfaces: Moving Closer to the Clinic. RESNA 2006: Thriving in Challenging Times, Atlanta, GA June 22-26, 2006.
  • Jeffrey Fessler, Simon P.Levine, "Model-Based Detection Of Event-Related Signals In Electrocorticogram," part of the workshop "Towards Brain-Computer Interfacing" at the 18th Annual on Neural Information Processing Systems, 2004.
  • S.P. Levine, J.E. Huggins: "Direct Brain Interfaces: Present, Future, and Science Fiction". Naval War College, November, 2002
  • S.P. Levine, J.E. Huggins, J.A. Fessler, W.M. Sowers, D.N. Minecan, R.K. Kushwaha, S.L. BeMent, O.Sagher, L.A. Schuh, B.J. Smith, K.V. Elisevich, G. Pfurtscheller, B. Graimann, A. Schlvgl, R. Scherer: "An ECoG Based BCI: The University of Michigan Direct Brain Interface." Graz International BCI Workshop, September, 2002.
  • J.E. Huggins, T. Vaughan, S.P. Levine, P. Kennedy, M. Moore: "Direct Brain Interfaces: Current Status and Clinical Considerations." RESNA Annual Conference, June, 2002.
  • S.P. Levine: "Direct Brain Interface: Will Rehabilitation Research and Science Fiction Meet?" Fourth Annual Visiting Scholar Lecture, Dept. of Rehabilitation Science and Technology, University of Pittsburgh, May 2001.
  • S.P. Levine: "Direct Brain Interface Based on detection of Event Related Potentials in Elecrocorticogram." NP 2000 Neural Prosthesis: Motor Systems, Tversted, Denmark, June, 2000.
  • S.P. Levine & J.E. Huggins: "Humans Research Participants: Direct Brain Interface Development - A Case Study in Ethical Complexities." NIH/Whitaker Workshop on Assistive Technology Research and Development, Chicago, June, 2000.
  • S.P. Levine: "Direct Brain Interface Based on Event Detection in ECoG", 31st Neural Prosthesis Workshop, NINDS/NIH, Oct 25-27, 2000.
  • Tou SLJ, Alcaide-Aguirre RE, Aref AE, and Huggins JE: Subject-Specific Electrode Subsets for P300 BCI: Typically Developing and Cerebral Palsy Populations, 6th International Brain-Computer Interface Meeting, Pacific Grove, California, United States, Proceedings of the 6th International Brain-Computer Interface Meeting, 2016, 2016.
  • Huggins JE and Thompson DE: P300 Latency Jitter More Likely for People with ALS, 6th International Brain-Computer Interface Meeting, Pacific Grove, California, United States, Proceedings of the 6th International Brain-Computer Interface Meeting, 2016, 2016.
  • Alcaide R, Warschausky S, and Huggins J: Intelligence and Brain Dynamics in Children with Cerebral Palsy, 6th International Brain-Computer Interface Meeting, Pacific Grove, California, United States, Proceedings of the 6th International Brain-Computer Interface Meeting, 2016, 2016.
  • Aref A and Huggins J: Combining Methods To Predict Accuracy of Individual Brain-Computer Interface Selections, 6th International Brain-Computer Interface Meeting, Pacific Grove, California, Proceedings of the 6th International Brain-Computer Interface Meeting, 2016, 2016.
  • Mowla MR, Huggins J, Thompson D: Boosting BCI accuracy using wavelet enhanced CBLE scores as a classifier feature, 6th International Brain-Computer Interface Meeting, Pacific Grove, California, Proceedings of the 6th International Brain-Computer Interface Meeting, 2016, 2016.
  • Tillman J, Huggins JE, Thompson DE: Blink Artifact Rejection Reduces P3 Speller Accuracy but May Prevent Unintended Blink-Based Control, 6th International Brain-Computer Interface Meeting, Pacific Grove, California, United States, Proceedings of the 6th International Brain-Computer Interface Meeting, 2016, 2016.
  • Aref AW, Huggins JE: Predicting BCI accuracy with alpha band analysis, Society for Neuroscience, Chicago, IL, Society for Neuroscience Annual Meeting Abstracts, 1, 2015.
  • Alcaide RE, Huggins JE, Warschausky S: Intelligence and functional connectivity in people with cerebral palsy, Society for Neuroscience Annual Meeting, Chicago, Society for Neuroscience, Abstracts, 1, 2015.
  • Huggins JE, Alcaide-Aguirre RE, Aref AW, Brown D, Warschausky SA: Brain-Computer Interface Administration of a Standardized Vocabulary Test, 2014 MICHR Symposium, Coloring Outside the Lines: Innovating and Collaborating in the Changing World of Health Research, Ann Arbor, MI, 2014.
  • S. G. Mason, J. Kronegg, J. Huggins, M. Fatourechi, and A. Schloegl, "Evaluating the Performance of Self-Paced BCI Technology".
  • J.E. Huggins, S.P. Levine, V. Solo, J.A. Fessler, D.M. Minecan, S.Y.Chun, R. K. Kushwaha, S.L. BeMent, O. Sagher, L.A. Schuh, B.J. Smith, K.V. Elisevich, G. Pfurtscheller, B. Graimann, "University of Michigan Direct Brain Interface: 2005 Update," Brain-Computer Interface Technology: Third International Meeting, Rensselaerville, NY, June 14-19, 2005.
  • B. Graimann, J.E. Huggins, S.P. Levine, G. Pfurtscheller, "An Assessment of ECoG Signals for Direct Brain Communication," Brain-Computer Interface Technology: Third International Meeting, Rensselaerville, NY, June 14-19, 2005.
  • S.P. Levine, J.E. Huggins, J.A. Fessler, D.M. Minecan, S.L. BeMent, R. K. Kushwaha, O. Sagher, J. Vaideeswaran, Y. Jin, L.A. Schuh, B.J. Smith, K.V. Elisevich, G. Pfurtscheller, B. Graimann, "2003 Progress on a Direct Brain Interface Based on Detection of ERPs in ECoG", 34th Neural Prosthesis Workshop, Oct. 21-23, 2003.
  • W.M. Sowers, J.A. Fessler, S.P. Levine, J.E. Huggins: "Combinations of Event-Related Potentials and Spectral Changes for Event Detection in Electrocorticogram." 33rd Neural Prosthesis Workshop, National Institute of Health, October, 2002.
  • J.E. Huggins, S.P. Levine, R.K. Kushwaha, O. Sagher, S.L. BeMent, D.N. Minecan, J. Vaideeswaran, L.A. Schuh, H. Parikh, "2002 Progress on a Direct Brain Interface Based on Detection of ERPs in ECoG: Feedback Experiments", 33rd Neural Prosthesis Workshop, NIH, Oct. 16-18, 2002.
  • W.M. Sowers, J.A. Fessler, S.P. Levine, J.E. Huggins, "Detection of Event-Related Signals in Electrocorticogram," Brain-Computer Interfaces for Communication and Control: Second International Meeting: Moving Beyond Demonstration Program and Abstracts, The Rensselaerville Institute, p. 105, 2002.
  • S.P. Levine, J.E. Huggins, J.A. Fessler, W.M. Sowers, R.K. Kushwaha, S.L. BeMent, D.N. Minecan, O. Sagher, K.J. Leneway, J.J. Choi, S.J. Grikschat, L.A. Schuh, B.J. Smith, K.V. Elisevich, "University of Michigan Direct Brain Interface: 2002 Update," Brain-Computer Interfaces for Communication and Control: Second International Meeting: Moving Beyond Demonstration Program and Abstracts, The Rensselaerville Institute, p. 54, 2002.
  • J.E. Huggins, M.M. Rohde, S.P. Levine, R.K. Kushwaha, S.L. BeMent, E.A. Passaro, K.J. Leneway, "Feedback to Improve Detection of Event-Related Potentials in Electrocorticogram," Brain-Computer Interfaces for Communication and Control: Second International Meeting: Moving Beyond Demonstration Program and Abstracts, The Rensselaerville Institute, p. 90-91, 2002.
  • S.P. Levine, J.E. Huggins, J.A. Fessler, E.A. Passaro, S.L. BeMent, R. K. Kushwaha, O. Sagher, S.M. Laux, W.M. Sowers, J.B. Carneal, L.A. Schuh, B.J. Smith, K.V. Elisevich, G. Pfurtscheller, B. Graimann, "2001 Progress on a Direct Brain Interface Based on Detection of ERPs in ECoG," 32th Neural Prosthesis Workshop, NIH, Oct 2001.
  • S.P. Levine, J.E. Huggins, M.M. Rohde, R.K. Kushwaha, U.H. Balbale, S.L. BeMent, E.A. Passaro, D.A. Ross, L.A. Schuh, B.J. Smith, K.V. Elisevich,: "1999 Progress on a Direct Brain Interface Based on Event Detection in Electrocorticogram," 30th Neural Prosthesis Workshop, NINDS/NIH, Oct 1999.
  • S.P. Levine, Ph.D., S.L. BeMent, Ph.D., J.E. Huggins, Ph.d., M.M. Rohde, M.S., R.K. Kushwaha, Ph.D., E.A. Passaro, M.D., D.A. Ross, M.D., "Continuing Efforts Towards Development of a Direct Brain Interface Based on Event-Related Potentials," 29th Neural Prosthesis Workshop, NINDS/NIH, Oct 28-30, 1998.
  • J.E. Huggins, S.P. Levine, M.M. Rohde, R.K. Kushwaha, S.L. BeMent, L.A. Schuh, D.A. Ross, "Identification of Event-Related Potentials for a Direct Brain Interface to Control Assistive Technology," 28th Neural Prosthesis Workshop, NIH, Oct 15-17, 1997.
  • S.P. Levine, J.E. Huggins, S.L. BeMent, M. Rohde, R. Kushwaha, L. Schuh, D. Ross: "Direct Brain Interface for Control of Assistive Technologies." 27th Annual Neural Prosthesis Workshop, NINDS/NIH, October, 1996.
  • J.E. Huggins, M.S.E., S.P. Levine, Ph.D., S.L. BeMent, Ph.D., L.A. Schuh, M.D., R.K. Kushwaha, Ph.D., M.M. Rohde, B.S.E., "Toward a Direct Brain Interface Using ECoGs", 26th Neural Prosthesis Workshop, NINDS/NIH, 1995.